==== borrowed scenery - 借景 ==== 

via: wikipedia & various sources (cf. [[wp>Borrowed_scenery]]). see also [[parn:garginz]] and http://fo.am/borrowed-scenery

Shakkei (借景 C:jie jing, J:shakkei) was originally codified in the oldest extant Japanese garden manual, the Sakuteiki (作庭記, Sakuteiki "Records of Garden Making"). This text, which is attributed to Tachibana Toshitsuna (橘俊綱, 1028-1094 CE), a son of the Byodoin's designer Fujiwara no Yorimichi (藤原頼通, 990-1074 CE), records the Heian period’s attention to a concept called "mono no aware" (物の哀れ) "the pathos of things". 

==== Four principle tenets guiding Japanese garden organization ====
  * shotoku no sansui (生得の山水, shotoku no sansui "natural mountain river") intending to create in the likeness of nature
  * kōhan no shitagau (湖畔に従う, kōhan no shitagau "follow the lakeshore") planning in accordance with the site topography
  * suchigaete (数値違えて, suchigaete "irregular numerical value") designing with asymmetrical elements　
  * fuzei (風情, fuzei "feeling of wind") capturing and presenting the ambience

==== jiejing (借景) "borrow/lend scenery" ====

The Chinese counterpart of shakkei (借景) is jiejing (借景) "borrow/lend scenery". According to the 1635 CE Chinese garden manual Yuanye (園冶), there are four categories of "borrowing",
  * 遠借 "distant borrowing", enshaku (jp) yuanjie (zh). e.g., mountains, lakes. 
  * 隣借 "adjacent borrowing", rinshaku (jp) linjie (zh). neighboring buildings and features. 
  * 仰借 "upward borrowing", gyōshaku (jp) yangjie (zh). clouds, stars. 
  * 俯借 "downward borrowing", fushaku (jp) fujie (zh). rocks, ponds. 

====Best known (still existing) shakkei gardens in Japan====

Kyoto
  * [[http://www.artofjpn.com/kyoto/entsuji.html | Entsuuji 円通寺 and Mt. Hiei 比叡]]
  * [[http://www.japannet.de/kyoto/higashi/murinan.html | Murin'an 無隣庵 and Higashiyama 東山]]

Nara
  * [[http://www.oct.zaq.ne.jp/mukaitak/jikouin.htm | Jikouin 慈光院 and the Tomio 富雄 River]]
  * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuien_Garden | Isuien 依水園 and the Great South Gate, Nandaimon,南大門 at Todaiji 東大寺]]

Kanagawa prefecture
  * Koki'an 古稀庵 and Sagami 相模 Bay

==== Penjing ====

Penjing (Chinese: 盆景; pinyin: pén jǐng; literally "tray scenery"> [[wp>Penjing]]

Four guiding concepts:
  * gugao – aloofness
  * jianjie – sparseness
  * ya – elegance
  * pingdan - plainness


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for related thoughts in European context: see the [[reading notes]] for [[Archaeology of Natural Places]]


[[project_groworld]]