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ketamine_and_near_death_experience [2007-06-12 13:35] – nikketamine_and_near_death_experience [2015-03-13 11:44] (current) – nik
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 +==== Ketamine and the Near Death Experience ====
  
- +(see also http://www.near-death.com/experiences/lsd03.html ))
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-==== Ketamine and the Near Death Experience ====+
  
  
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 (+)ketamine is about four times more potent as a hypnotic (sleep-inducing agent) and analgesic, and has different effects upon the EEG from (-)ketamine (White et al., 1985). This may explain some of the confusion concerning whether ketamine is an anticonvulsant or a proconvulsant (Myslobodsky et al.,1981), and suggests that future NDE research might be better done with (-)ketamine rather than the mixture currently supplied to anaesthetists. (+)ketamine is about four times more potent as a hypnotic (sleep-inducing agent) and analgesic, and has different effects upon the EEG from (-)ketamine (White et al., 1985). This may explain some of the confusion concerning whether ketamine is an anticonvulsant or a proconvulsant (Myslobodsky et al.,1981), and suggests that future NDE research might be better done with (-)ketamine rather than the mixture currently supplied to anaesthetists.
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- 1. Hypoxia (low oxygen):+1. Hypoxia (low oxygen):
  
 The proposal that lack of oxygen might precipitate NDE's (Blacher, 1980) has been criticized (e.g. Sabom, 1982) because experiments in which the inspired oxygen was made to fall slowly resulted in mental clouding rather than states of consciousness resembling the NDE (Henderson et al., 1927). However, these experiments are clearly not a satifactory reproduction of events in, for example, cardiac arrest, a drug overdose or other types of medical emergency associated with NDE's. Hypoxia has been clearly shown to cause an excessive release of glutamate with resulting excitotoxicity and cell death, which can be prevented by ketamine (see previous references). The proposal that lack of oxygen might precipitate NDE's (Blacher, 1980) has been criticized (e.g. Sabom, 1982) because experiments in which the inspired oxygen was made to fall slowly resulted in mental clouding rather than states of consciousness resembling the NDE (Henderson et al., 1927). However, these experiments are clearly not a satifactory reproduction of events in, for example, cardiac arrest, a drug overdose or other types of medical emergency associated with NDE's. Hypoxia has been clearly shown to cause an excessive release of glutamate with resulting excitotoxicity and cell death, which can be prevented by ketamine (see previous references).
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- 1. Hypercarbia (excessive CO2):+1. Hypercarbia (excessive CO2):
  
 In experimental paradigms, CO2-enriched breathing mixtures can result in NDE phenomena such as bodily detachment, being drawn towards a bright light etc. As with NDE's, diverse personality types report similar experiences, suggesting that a shared neurological substrate is at work (Meduna, 1950). It is again likely that NMDA receptor blockade is involved in producing the effects. In experimental paradigms, CO2-enriched breathing mixtures can result in NDE phenomena such as bodily detachment, being drawn towards a bright light etc. As with NDE's, diverse personality types report similar experiences, suggesting that a shared neurological substrate is at work (Meduna, 1950). It is again likely that NMDA receptor blockade is involved in producing the effects.
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  • by nik