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-===Emotions===+====Emotions====
  
 Although there is not an accurate and well-agreed upon definition for emotions; Scherer illustrated emotions in a insightful profound way describing how emotions cognitively emerge in the following: Although there is not an accurate and well-agreed upon definition for emotions; Scherer illustrated emotions in a insightful profound way describing how emotions cognitively emerge in the following:
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 Many theories discuss how emotions are elicited in our cognitive system. Discrete Emotions theories (Ekman, 1992; LeDoux, 1996; Öhman & Wiens, 2004) argue that emotions are a set of sensory-motor programs; each of these programs consists of a brain circuit linking eliciting cognitions and somatic responses into a single neural system. While Dimension theories (e.g., Russell, 2003) argue that emotions are cognitive labels to physiological activation, which are characterized in terms of broad bipolar dimensions such as valence and arousal (e.g. I feel negative arousal in a context where I’ve been wronged, therefore I must be angry) Invalid source specified.. In the 1980s Appraisal Theories became a major perspective for emotions studies. Many theories discuss how emotions are elicited in our cognitive system. Discrete Emotions theories (Ekman, 1992; LeDoux, 1996; Öhman & Wiens, 2004) argue that emotions are a set of sensory-motor programs; each of these programs consists of a brain circuit linking eliciting cognitions and somatic responses into a single neural system. While Dimension theories (e.g., Russell, 2003) argue that emotions are cognitive labels to physiological activation, which are characterized in terms of broad bipolar dimensions such as valence and arousal (e.g. I feel negative arousal in a context where I’ve been wronged, therefore I must be angry) Invalid source specified.. In the 1980s Appraisal Theories became a major perspective for emotions studies.
  
-===Emotions Theories===+====Emotions Theories====
 It essential to review the history of proposed theories when studying emotions models. The work of (Moors, 2009) reviews many theories mentioned in this paragraph. It essential to review the history of proposed theories when studying emotions models. The work of (Moors, 2009) reviews many theories mentioned in this paragraph.
 - James’ Theory (1890) argues that a stimulus activates bodily response, the experience and feed back of this response produces the emotional response and experience. The intensity and type of emotion relies on the intensity and type of bodily response. Nevertheless, this theory doesn’t describe how bodily responses elicit and map to emotions. This theory was criticized Cannon (1927) on the basis that not all physiological changes cause emotions and that we still experience feelings in the absence of bodily responses. - James’ Theory (1890) argues that a stimulus activates bodily response, the experience and feed back of this response produces the emotional response and experience. The intensity and type of emotion relies on the intensity and type of bodily response. Nevertheless, this theory doesn’t describe how bodily responses elicit and map to emotions. This theory was criticized Cannon (1927) on the basis that not all physiological changes cause emotions and that we still experience feelings in the absence of bodily responses.
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 The multi-stage account uses both universal elicitors (e.g., novelty, threat level, pleasantness, unexpectedness), to generate the valence, and more cognitively-complex and individual elicitors (e.g., individual history, expectation- and goal-congruence), to generate a categorical assessment using an expanded appraisal.  The multi-stage account uses both universal elicitors (e.g., novelty, threat level, pleasantness, unexpectedness), to generate the valence, and more cognitively-complex and individual elicitors (e.g., individual history, expectation- and goal-congruence), to generate a categorical assessment using an expanded appraisal. 
 The resulting affective states are used in the rules selecting the agent’s goals and actions; they influence the speed and capacity of MAMID architecture modules; they influence ranking like determining whether a specific cue or situation is processed, or specific goal selected.  The last two effects have been a particular focus of this model, and aim to implement emotional effects to cognitive processes. The resulting affective states are used in the rules selecting the agent’s goals and actions; they influence the speed and capacity of MAMID architecture modules; they influence ranking like determining whether a specific cue or situation is processed, or specific goal selected.  The last two effects have been a particular focus of this model, and aim to implement emotional effects to cognitive processes.
 +MAMID architecture uses the model suggested by (Hudlicka, 2002; 1998) that maps specific states/traits profiles onto specific architecture parameter values. These parameters control the way the architecture modules process data and elicit emotions.
 +An example is mentioned in the work Invalid source specified.: for a high trait and state anxiety and fear individual, reduced attention and working memory are mapped and reflected onto a limited working memory capacity of the architecture modules resulting in reducing the number of processed data like cues, situations and expectations. Threat bias is modeled by higher ranking of threatening cues and by higher ranking of threatening situations and expectations.  Trait-linked structural differences in LTM are supported by allowing selection of alternative LTM clusters, reflecting distinct personality traits (e.g., selection of clusters with greater proportion of threat- and self-related schemas to represent individuals with high trait-anxiety (high neuroticism). Traits also influence the dynamic characteristics of the emotional responses (like maximum intensities).
 +In this architecture it is easy to model different trait profiles and integrate existing profile like “obsessive-compulsive”. Moreover it can easily integrate conflicting emotions and traits for artificial agents just like in humans.
 +This method is a psychotherapy treatment through VR. Below is an example of actions controlled by MAMID in a “Fear of public speaking” application.
 +This example is used in building virtual characters and avatars to treat patients with social phobia. These avatars will evoke the undesired symptoms in the patient (like being negative and aggressive toward the speaking patient). Once these symptoms are identified, the patient is treated wit the appropriate therapeutic interventions (e.g., cognitive restructuring, systematic desensitization).
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 +====Bibliography====
 +Öhman, , A., and S. Wiens. "The concept of an evolved fear module and cognitive theories of anxiety." In Feelings and Emotions, by N. Frijda & A. H. Fischer (Eds.) A. Manstead, 58-80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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 +Aitken, P. P. "Judgments of pleasingness and interestingness as functions of visual complexity." Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974: 103, 240–244.
 +Bartneck, Christoph. "Characters, Integrating the OCC Model of Emotions in Embodied." 2002.
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 +Ekman, P. "An argument for basic emotions." In Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-2000. 1992.
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 +Elliott, C. "The affective reasoner: A process model of emotions in a multi-agent system (Ph.D Dissertation No. 32). ." Northwestern, IL: Northwestern University Institute for the Learning Scienceso, 1992.
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 +Gratch, Jonathan, Stacy Marsella, and Paolo Petta. "Modeling the Cognitive Antecedents and Consequences of Emotion." 
 +Hudlicka, Eva. "A Computational Model of Emotion and Personality: Applications to Psychotherapy Research and Practice." In Proceedings of the 10th Annual CyberTherapy Conference: A Decade of Virtual Reality, Basel, Switzerland. 2005.
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 +Hudlicka, Eva. "Modeling Emotion in Symbolic Cognitive Architectures." AAAI Fall Symposium Series, TR FS-98-03. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press., 1998.
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 +Hudlicka, Eva. "This time with feeling: Integrated Model of Trait and State Effects on Cognition and Behavior." In Applied Artificial Intelligence,, 16:1-31. 2002.
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 +Kuppens, P., I. Van Mechelen, and D. J. M. Smits. "The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity, and sufficiency of components." In Emotion, 254–269. 2003.
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 +Lazarus, R. S. Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
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 +Lazarus, R. S. "Relational meaning and discrete emotions." In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research , by A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.) K. R. Scherer, 37–67. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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 +LeDoux, J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
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 +Roseman, I. J. "A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications." In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, by A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.) K. R. Scherer, 68–91. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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 +Roseman, I. J., and C. A. Smith. "Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies." In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, by A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.) K. R. Scherer, 3– 19. New York: Oxford University Press., 2001.
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 +Scherer, K. R. "Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking." In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, by A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.) K. R. Scherer, 92–120. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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 +Scherer, K. R. "On the sequential nature of appraisal processes: Indirect evidence from a recognition task." In Cognition and Emotion, 13, 763–793. 1999.
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 +Silvia, P. J. "Cognitive appraisals and interest in visual art: Exploring an appraisal theory of aesthetic emotions." In Empirical Studies of the Arts, 23, 119-133. 2005.
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 +Smith, C. A., and L. D. Kirby. "Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory." In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, by A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.) K. R. Scherer, 121–138. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  
  
  • emotions_models.txt
  • Last modified: 2010-12-09 06:58
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