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- | PV-Vocabulary | + | ===== PhoEf glossary ===== |
- | **3D-Solar Cell:** capture photons from sunlight using an array of miniature “tower” structures that resemble high-rise buildings in a city street grid. Animation on: www.gatech.edu/ | + | **3D-Solar Cell:** capture photons from sunlight using an array of miniature “tower” structures that resemble high-rise |
+ | buildings in a city street grid. Animation on: www.gatech.edu/ | ||
**Amp:** short for ampere, the unit used to measure the instantaneous flow of electrons, theoretically, | **Amp:** short for ampere, the unit used to measure the instantaneous flow of electrons, theoretically, | ||
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**Balance of System** (components): | **Balance of System** (components): | ||
- | **Base-load electricity: | + | **Base load electricity: |
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- | **Biodegradation: | + | |
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- | **Charge controller: | + | |
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- | **Clean energies:** Clean describes any energy source the exploitation of which does not generate significant amounts of pollution, and therefore negatively impact the health of human populations and the biosphere as a whole. | + | |
**Current: | **Current: | ||
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**Distributed generation (DG):** contrasts with centralized generation, a term that characterizes conventional large-scale fossil fuel or nuclear power plant generation. | **Distributed generation (DG):** contrasts with centralized generation, a term that characterizes conventional large-scale fossil fuel or nuclear power plant generation. | ||
- | **Doping: | + | **Doping: |
- | Efficiencies of a PV cell/ | + | |
- | Usually efficiencies are determined under standard test conditions of 1,000 W/m2 illumination and 25°C. The spectral distribution of the light is expressed in terms of an optical air mass (AM) number. AM0 corresponds to the spectrum in space, AM1 to the spectrum at the earth' | + | **Efficiencies of a pv-cell/ |
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+ | **Electrolysis: | ||
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+ | **Electrolyte: | ||
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+ | **Energy Payback Time:** the time required to produce an amount of energy that is equal to the amount of energy consumed during the fabrication (of the device). | ||
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+ | **Energy Return on Investment: | ||
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+ | **External Costs (aka Externality): | ||
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+ | **Field Assisted Simultaneous Synthesis and Transfer (FASST):** A patented nanotechnology printing process (Heliovolt) which allows solar cells to be printed directly on metal, glass and other building materials. | ||
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+ | **Fuel cell:** is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricity from an external fuel supply of hydrogen and oxygen as opposed to the limited internal energy storage capacity of a battery. | ||
- | Electrolysis: a chemical process in which the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are separated by the application of electricity. (4) | + | **Grid-excited inverter:** an inverter changes DC electricity -- the kind that comes out of PVs -- into AC or house current. A grid-excited inverter, which is connected |
- | Electrolyte: | + | |
- | Energy Payback Time: the time required to produce an amount of energy | + | |
- | Energy Return on Investment: is the ratio of electricity generated, divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment. | + | |
- | External Costs (aka Externality): | + | |
- | Field Assisted Simultaneous Synthesis and Transfer (FASST): A patented nanotechnology printing process (Heliovolt) which allows solar cells to be printed directly on metal, glass and other building materials. | + | **Inverter:** a device that converts DC electricity, as produced by PVs and stored in batteries, into AC house current, the kind used by most familiar household devices. |
- | Fuel cell: is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricity from an external fuel supply | + | **KW:** kiloWatt. 1 kiloWatt= |
- | Grid-excited inverter: an inverter changes DC electricity -- the kind that comes out of PVs -- into AC or house current. A grid-excited inverter, which is connected to the power grid and exports locally-harvested electricity into it, only operates when the grid is energized. | + | |
- | Inverter: a device that converts DC electricity, | + | **kWh – kiloWatt hour:** labor done by letting work 1000 Watt during 1 hour. |
- | KW: - kiloWatt. | + | **Lead-acid batteries:** the commonest and most cost-effective form of storage batteries, found in vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies, and renewable energy powered home systems. |
- | kWh – kiloWatt hour: labour done by letting work 1000 Watt during 1 hour. | + | **Load:** in electricity, any device that consumes electricity, so an electric water heater is a big load, and a clock or a night light is a little load. |
- | Lead-acid batteries: the commonest and most cost-effective form of storage batteries, found in vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies, and renewably powered home systems. | + | |
- | Load: in electricity, any device that consumes electricity, so an electric water heater is a big load, and a clock or a night light is a little load. | + | **Low-voltage:** in electrical terms, less than house current, typically 12 or 24 volts. |
- | Low-voltage: in electrical terms, less than house current, typically 12 or 24 volts. | + | **Lumens:** an exact measure of quantity of light. A 60-watt incandescent light bulb and an 18-watt compact fluorescent light bulb each produce about 1,000 lumen. |
- | Lumens: an exact measure | + | **1 megawatt peak of pv-modules:** is the amount that delivers 1 MW of electric power under standard illumination conditions (1,000 W/m2, 25 or 28 C)). |
- | 1 megawatt peak of PV-modules: is the amount | + | **MPP- tracking - Maximum Power Point Tracking:** - a transformer has to deliver the max. power at all possible light circumstances which goes with a certain voltage delivered by the panel. This voltage depends on the amount of light falling on the panel. Power is the product of voltage and current and hence at a given voltage there is a specific current. At every voltage there is an optimal current |
- | power under standard illumination conditions | + | |
- | MPP- tracking - Maximum Power Point Tracking: - a transformer has to deliver the max. power at all possible light circumstances which goes with a certain voltage delivered by the panel. This voltage depends on the amount of light falling on the panel. Power is the product of voltage and current and hence at a givven voltage there is a specific current. At every voltage there is an optimal current (maximum power point). In the invertor the electronical parts look under every circumstances this optimal point: MPP-tracking | + | **Mono-Crystalline Silicon Cells:** high-grade, single-crystal, |
- | Mono-Crystalline Silicon Cells: high-grade, single-crystal, | + | |
- | Multicrystalline (polycrystalline) Silicon Cells: many crystals of silicon in a semi-chaotic state, typical of medium-grade, | + | **Multicrystalline (polycrystalline) Silicon Cells:** many crystals of silicon in a semi-chaotic state, typical of medium-grade, |
- | Ohm's Law: the mathematical product of current and voltage, P=IV. | + | **Ohm's Law:** the mathematical product of current and voltage, P=IV. |
- | Open-circuit voltage (Voc): is the voltage across the positive and negative terminals under open-circuit conditions, and the current is zero, which corresponds to a load resistance of infinity. (See Short-circuit current (Isc)) | + | **Open-circuit voltage (Voc):** is the voltage across the positive and negative terminals under open-circuit conditions, and the current is zero, which corresponds to a load resistance of infinity. (See Short-circuit current (Isc)) |
- | Organic Photovoltaic (OPV): refers to polymers that are capable of generating electrical power from light. | + | **Organic Photovoltaic (OPV):** refers to polymers that are capable of generating electrical power from light. |
- | Over-voltage: | + | **Over-voltage: |
- | Passive Solar: | + | **Passive Solar:** the natural power of solar heat and light. Many buildings are designed to take advantage of this natural resource through the use of passive solar heating and daylighting. The south side of a building always receives the most sunlight. Therefore, buildings designed for passive solar heating usually have large, south-facing windows. Materials that absorb and store the sun's heat can be built into the sunlit floors and walls. The floors and walls will then heat up during the day and slowly release heat at night, when the heat is needed most. This passive solar design feature is called direct gain. Other passive solar heating design: |
- | The south side of a building always receives the most sunlight. Therefore, buildings designed for passive solar heating usually have large, south-facing windows. Materials that absorb and store the sun's heat can be built into the sunlit floors and walls. The floors and walls will then heat up during the day and slowly release heat at night, when the heat is needed most. This passive solar design feature is called direct gain. | + | - //Sunspace:// (much like a greenhouse) is built on the south side of a building. As sunlight passes through glass or other glazing, it warms the sun space. Proper ventilation allows the heat to circulate into the building. |
- | Other passive solar heating design: | + | - //Trombe wall:// is a very thick, south-facing wall, which is painted black and made of a material that absorbs a lot of heat. A pane of glass or plastic glazing, installed a few inches in front of the wall, helps hold in the heat. The wall heats up slowly during the day. Then as it cools gradually during the night, it gives off its heat inside the building. |
- | Sunspace: (much like a greenhouse) is built on the south side of a building. As sunlight passes through glass or other glazing, it warms the sunspace. Proper ventilation allows the heat to circulate into the building. | + | |
- | Trombe wall: is a very thick, south-facing wall, which is painted black and made of a material that absorbs a lot of heat. A pane of glass or plastic glazing, installed a few inches in front of the wall, helps hold in the heat. The wall heats up slowly during the day. Then as it cools gradually during the night, it gives off its heat inside the building. | + | |
- | Peak Watt: is the amount of power produced when the module receives 1,000 watts per square meter of exposure to the sun (insolation). It is used for rating PV-Systems. | + | **Peak Watt:** is the amount of power produced when the module receives 1,000 watts per square meter of exposure to the sun (insolation). It is used for rating PV-Systems. |
- | Photon: refers to a " | + | **Photon:** refers to a " |
- | Peak oil: is the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum production is reached, after which the rate of production enters its terminal decline. If global consumption is not mitigated before the peak, an energy crisis may develop because the availability of conventional oil will drop and prices will rise, perhaps dramatically. | + | **Peak oil:** is the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum production is reached, after which the rate of production enters its terminal decline. If global consumption is not mitigated before the peak, an energy crisis may develop because the availability of conventional oil will drop and prices will rise, perhaps dramatically. |
Photovoltaic effect: the generation of a voltage and/or a current by absorption of light in some material or combination of materials. | Photovoltaic effect: the generation of a voltage and/or a current by absorption of light in some material or combination of materials. |