the unorganised machines of Alan Turing

• first mentioned in 'intelligent machinery' > http://www.alanturing.net/intelligent_machinery/
• http://home.clear.net.nz/pages/cw/unorganized.htm

see also “Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components” lecture series given at Cal Tech on January 4-15, 1952.